When was crime mapping developed

Finally, GIS and other spatial analysis software provide powerful statistical tools for analyzing and detecting patterns of criminal activity that cannot be detected through simple visual inspection. Academic interests in the field of criminology also began to shift during this time. While many criminologists were concerned with causes of crime that were outside the sphere of influence of police agencies e.

The combination of the shift in theoretical focus in criminology and the shift in the philosophy of policing yielded new opportunities for crime mapping and initiated a resurgence of research on both the geography of crime as well as crime prevention strategies involving crime mapping.

Although the first instances of computerized crime mapping occurred in the mids in St. Louis, Missouri, the adoption of computerized crime mapping across the United States remained relatively slow. The rate of adoption of crime mapping among departments greatly increased as desktop computers became cheaper and more powerful and GIS software became easier to use and more powerful. Blackwell Publishing Ltd Google Scholar.

Dobson, J. The Professional Geogr. Eck, J. National Institute of Justice Google Scholar. Felson, M. Pine Forge Google Scholar. Getis, A. In: Longley, P. Haining, R. Harries, K. Isserman, A. Karuppannan, J. Corrections Compendium. La Vigne, N. In: Hirschfield, A. Mapping and Analyzing Crime Data pp. LeBeau, J. Law Criminol. Police Stud. Public safety is one of the greatest problems of our times.

Social changes in the last 40 years have made traditional policing methods unable to face the new challenges of this period. In addition, one of the methods, which one we find better results, is using crime mapping and criminal analysis to plan police actions.

This occurs because crime is always a spatial event, in which the environment is important. And to achieve the objective that we have proposed above, we are going to pass through the following steps: First we are going to present sources of our data. Second, we are going to make the maps we are going to study, then we will analyze these maps, and using theorical concepts from Environmental Criminology. Finally, we will extract some conclusions, that will be presented in the final topic.

Table 1 will present all data we used to make the maps and figures in this paper, and it is sources. It presents also in which figure data is used. After this, we are going to present our conclusions. Nonetheless, there are very few researches on how to make policing more effective, especially in Brazil. Therefore, a crime occurs when we have together, in the same time, and in the same place, a victim and a criminal. Then, when we use spatial data to plan policing, we can place our resources in a more effective way and get better results, even using fewer personnel BOBA, Fixes and flows interacting built our geographic reality.

Moreover, geographic reality is exactly the world in which we live. As crime is always a human action, we can apply this theory as a framework to understand how and why it occurs. By example, according Cohen and Felson , a crime occurs specially because some conditions of flows peoples and objects are found in a certain space at the same time. And to Milton Santos, fixes and flows interacting make our geographic reality. Initially, we thought in study bank robbery in all states of Northeast, but as our research demonstrate, the chosen area is more suitable to this study, as we are going to demonstrate in a specific topic.

Therefore, this problem must be faced urgently. In tables 2 and 3, we can see data used in this topic detailed. Table 3 — Police Federal investigations on Bank Robberies initiated from to With this layering of information, users can discern spatial relationships among previously disassociated data.

For example, the layer of SARS information could be overlaid with incidents of domestic violence data from local police departments about locations of courts handling domestic violence cases and locations of public transportation systems. With this displayed information, users could examine how accessible services and the criminal justice system are for domestic violence victims. GIS can pinpoint the physical location of features 6 in every layer.

It allows an administrator to conduct spatial searches or queries in addition to tabular database queries. For example, a tabular database query can retrieve information about the increase or decrease in the number of crime victim compensation claims submitted in a particular region.

What a tabular query cannot show is whether there has been a spatial displacement or diffusion of claims. In other words, has the number of claims remained the same but shifted from one neighborhood to another, or has the number of claims been diffused due to additional resources in an area?

Another example of a spatial search would be to determine the proximity of one location to another. For instance, one dataset or layer shows school locations, while another indicates crime locations involving juveniles. Overlaying this data in GIS, users can identify crimes that occurred within 1, feet of a school.

This information can be used to determine where services could be located most effectively exhibit 3 and could lead to an understanding of the spatial relationship between crimes and school locations.